Microwaves Technology : Basics, Effetcs & Its Applications - ElProCus This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. 1999;9:3438. J Environ Health Sci Eng. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. Interaction of Radiation with Matter - GSU 2006;79:13140. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. PubMed However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. 2017;52:23947. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Biomed Environ Sci. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. Electromagn Biol Med. Article 2005;130:591600. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. J Clin Oncol. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. 2009;64:2314. JAMA. CAS Suhhova et al. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. Chin J Birth Health Hered. 1992;6:379. Phot J. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Overview | Occupational Safety PubMed Central The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Cite this article. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. J Sleep Res. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. 1999;4:102. Int J Hyg Environ Health. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. PDF Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health 1988;9:33745. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. Trends Neurosci. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? [84] and Sharma et al. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. 1994;8:714. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . as it have a harmful side. Mol Neurobiol. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. PubMed Toxicol Sci. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. The effects are usually . The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Abe M, Bonini NM. 2012;35:32534. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Behav Brain Res. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. 2012;62:22336. Merola et al. 2008;49:16370. 2009;158:12639. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. 2004;155:3743. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. PubMed 2005;161:52635. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. CAS Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. Wang et al. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Behav Brain Res. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Singh et al. Exp Neurobiol. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. 2006;27:295306. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Neuroreport. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Xu et al. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. 2017;326:291. 2008;86:718. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. 1994;10:13548. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. Pathophysiology. Int J Radiat Biol. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Chin J Indus Hyg. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. Neurotoxicology. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Electromagn Biol Med. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. 1 Microwave Theory and Techniqes | PDF | Microwave - Scribd Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. Clin Neurophysiol. Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health - PubMed Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. PDF Electromagnetic Waves and Human Health - IntechOpen Springer Nature. 1996;180:917. Arch Environ Health. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. 2013;5:5500110. 2013;73:4737. 1996;93:46938. Xu et al. Int J Radiat Biol. Harris KM. Google Scholar. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com The biological effects of radio waves on human body tissues - ResearchGate PLoS One. Bioelectromagnetics. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. 2004;996:8996. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: CAS Int J Radiat Biol. The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical computation. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Bioelectromagnetics. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. However, Li et al. Wang et al. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Brain Res. 2007;210:63544. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. 2000;6:18793. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. . Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the statement and Rf and mw radiation hazards - SlideShare Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. 2011;18:32533. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. Article Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. J Mol Neurosci. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. 2004;115:1490505. CAS J Neurosci Methods. Clinics. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. 2014;12:75. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. 2013;42:428. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. Google Scholar. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. 1990;39:13543. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. 2014;90:2935. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. 2005;1042:1018. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Trends Cell Biol. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. J Radiat Proc. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). 2016;53:210011. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Cookies policy. The role of microRNAs in cancer. Radiat Res. Int J Occup Environ Health. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. & Hu, XJ. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Ning et al. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. 2002;64:31353. Int J Radiat Biol. 2013;23:306. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload.