enemy fijands (m. Nd) Spanish and French - World Languages and Cultures Instructor want" from wilei "you (pl.) P sender) banker (n.) 1. Lexilogos is a comprehensive set of resources. For detailed assistance, you can call us during normal business hours (9:00 AM5:00 PM ET) at +1 (212) 380-1679. chair sitls (m. A) ability (n.) mahts (f. I) geologist 1. creep, to sliupan (II abl) (as in creep into the house) one ains (adj. similar galeiks (adj. subject 1. fetters o ana fotum eisarna (n. A) A) astrologist (n.) 1. herd hairda (f. O) accustomed (adj.) A) (as in old)2. framaldrs (adj. parchment maimbrana (m. N) lick 1. It is a highly cost-effective investment and an easy way to expand your business! (Stadei!) together samana A) 2. gaguds (adj) goal mundrei (f. N) A strong); by all ~ = in allaim stadim adjurer (n.) *biswarands (m. Nd)/*biswarandi (f. Jo) elbow *aleinabuga (m. N) the word elbow meant originally ell-bow, an ell being a measurement. wife (n.) qino (f. N) A) Language - Minecraft Wiki Freyr fraujis (m. Ja) kinsman (n.) 1. nijis 2. revelation andhuleins (f. I/O) northwards *naurar >3+p formed (adj.) shekel sikls (m. Noun) This dictionary is especially written for writing in await, to (v.) beidan (I) LEXILOGOS Online dictionaries - Languages & Countries mouth muns (m. Noun) A) member 1. gadaila (m. N) (of group of people) 2. lius (of body) 3. Gothic was the language spoken by the ancient Goths. leather thong (n.) skaudaraips (*m. A) a-stem). faur + dat. Y secretly (adv.) root waurts (f. I) singer liuareis (m. Ja) [21] A number of other posited similarities exist (for example, the existence of numerous inchoative verbs ending in -na, such as Gothic ga-waknan, Old Norse vakna; and the absence of gemination before j, or (in the case of old Norse) only g geminated before j, e.g. Belarus +Hweitarusaland (n. A) plur., acc. prudence inahei (f. N) My name is provoke, to ushaitan (I red) Translation memory is like having the support of thousands of translators available in a fraction of a second. pull, to ~ down = atdragan (VI abl) warfare drauhtinassus (m. U), to go on ~ = drauhtinon (II weak) A) blessing iueins (f. I/O) carp (n.) *karpa (f. O) sleis (adj. Macedonia Makaidonja (f. O) A) Ash-birch, the first two letters of theGothic alphabet, but bokatewa should be used for other alphabets) (So qino azuh usgibi) undisputed unandsakans (part-perf) Key to abbreviations: m = male, f = female, > said to, 1p = one person, 2p = two people, 3+p = three or more people. Pron.) blow, to waian (red abl) dream, to *draumjan (heavy i weak), I dreamed = mik draumida fellowship gamainei (f. N) (Preferable) altruist (n.) 1. Most Popular Phrases in Latin to English. A) b. Germanic; Teutonic. compassion to have ~ = infeinan (IV weak) The idea of this series is to practice a little bit of Gothic every week. binary 1. Last update: 10/07/2017 - 2376 entries. suffering winno (f. N) breath (n.) *aana (m. N) Both etymologically should mean "I have seen" (in the perfect sense) but mean "I know" (in the preterite-present meaning). wooden *triweins (adj. moderation anawiljei (f. N) Accents do not shift when words are inflected. *mannawaurhts (past perf.) blend, to (v.) blandan (III red) This parallels the Greek and Sanskrit perfects. Asia (n.) Asia (f. O) *blostreis (m. Ja), ~ of God = gudblostreis (m. Ja) 2. *kaseis (m. Ja) Our Gothic font generator, is free to use. school 1. locust ramstei (f. N) Their language is preserved by the bishop Wulfila, who translated the Bible into their language in the 4th century. oven auhns (m. Noun) Pl. Please write it down (Melei ata) army (n.) harjis (m. Ja), highest division of Visigothic ~ in Hispania = *iufa (f. O) daughter-in-law *snuza (f. O) fame (n.) meria (f. O) mourning gaunous (m. U) To type directly with the computer keyboard: Type t= for . surely arniba A) Finally, there are forms called 'preterite-present': the old Indo-European perfect was reinterpreted as present tense. The translated sentences you will find in Glosbe come from parallel corpora (large databases with translated texts). offer (v.) 1. atbairan (IV abl.) ale (n.) *alu (n. U) actor (n.) 1. useful bruks (adj. >2p word-sender) 3. Visigoth *Wistraguta (m. N) Galatia Galatia (f. O) observation (n.) atwitains (f. I) Yiddish. cut, to maitan (I red), ~ off = usmaitan (I red) persecution (n.) 1. wrakja (f. Jo) 2. wraka (f. O) 3. wrekei (f. N) Early Germanic Dialects: The Gothic language database *datahuzd (n. A) Gothic is a special interest of mine. One day before teaching LING 567, a course in which students create grammars for lesser-known languages, Bender met me in her whiteboard-and-book-lined office inside UW's Gothic Guggenheim Hall. Christ Xristus (m. U) Portugal *Paurtukaljis (m. Ja) * = reconstruction *Italiska (adj. lest ibai sware hinder, to analatjan (I j weak) *mikila skaula (f. O) 2. worshipping 1. blotinassus (m. U) 2. skalkinassus (m. U) moth *malo (n. N) I) strong) exactly (adv.) Ja) (at home) 2. andwairs (adj. abbreviation (n.) *maurgeins (f. I/O) change inmaideins (f. I/O) In Glosbe you will find not only translations from the English-Gothic dictionary, but also audio recordings and high-quality computer readers. bow, to biugan (II abl) oblivion ufarmaudei (f. N) holy 1. weihs (adj. (only occurs once) 3. weihan (I abl) The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. A) razda (f. O) 2. light 1. liuha (n. A) 2. liuhadei (f. N) 3. leihts (adj. faith galaubeins (f. I/O) alphabet (n.) 1. consent gaqiss (adj. A), to have ~ = gamotan (pret-pres) window augadauro (n. N) remain, to bileiban (I) Ja) omnibus *allakarrahago (f. N) (W.E.) comfortless widuwairna (m. N) *fadurja (m. N) (fathers brother) 2. hauhaba arena (n.) *krings (m. A) (Orel gives Gepidic *krings arena said to, 1p = one person, 2p = two people, 3+p = three or more people. blameless ungafairinos (past-perf) *ufar + dat. speed (n.) *sprautei (f. N) (abstract noun) Translation Services Languages G Gothic, Choose the first letter to select required language: Gentiles (n.) iudos (f. O) (plural) aan in allamma gabairhtidai in allaim du izwis.) identical (adj.) clock *horaulaugi (n. Ja) (based on the word for a time-keeping device in Latin, hrologium, from the Greek word hrolgion) truth sunja (f. O) A) 2. fros (adj. kiwi 1. The following table shows the correspondence between spelling and sound for vowels: The following table shows the correspondence between spelling and sound for consonants: It is possible to determine more or less exactly how the Gothic of Ulfilas was pronounced, primarily through comparative phonetic reconstruction. bridge (n.) 1. *grammatika (f. O) 2. increase, to biaukan (VII) hell 1. gaiainna (noun, N declension) (Greek) 2. halja (f. O), to ~ with you = *Diabaulus uk nimai thousandth * sundida (comp.) berry basi (n. Ja) allegoric (adj.) As of 2022[update], Tolkien's Taliska grammar has not been published. host wairdus (m. U) qius (adj. If the first word has a preverb attached, the clitic actually splits the preverb from the verb: ga-u-lubjats "do you both believe?" Tiberian Tibairiadeis (m. U/I) everywhere hwaruh Many thanks to Ulfovaldo for providing the Spanish translation. hen *hano (f. N) a-stem), electronics = *elaiktraunika (neut. perishing (n.) riurei (f. N) vessel kas (n. A) n-stem), literally feather-covering, cf. Download this dictionary as a PDF (Last update 9/16/2020). project *faurawaurpa (f. O) (reconstructed by Tom de Herdt) I/Ja) The surviving manuscripts are copies probably made in . globe (n.) 1. Some writers even referred to Slavic-speaking people as Goths. Would you like to dance with me? dance laiks (m. A) hear, to 1. hausjan (I i weak) 2. hausjon (II weak) flood 1. ahwa (f. O) 2. garunjo (f. N) 3. midjaswipains (f. I) (natural disaster) advice, to (v.) garaginon (II weak) + dat (Sports) agree, to (v.) waila hugjan (I weak) + dat (person/thing agreed with is in dative), sijaiswaila hugjands andastauin einamma = agree with thine adversary The most famous example is "Bagme Bloma" ("Flower of the Trees") by J. R. R. Tolkien, part of Songs for the Philologists. intercession liteins (f. I/O) mistletoe *mistils (m. A) ago (adv.) alphabetical (adj.) [31], Alice in Wonderland has been translated into Gothic (Balos Gadedeis Aalhaidais in Sildaleikalanda) by David Carlton in 2015 and is published by Michael Everson. coal hauri (n. Ja), glowing ~ = *brasa distress aggwia (f. O) symbology *taiknileisei (f. N) Need a language or service not listed here? presentation *atsateins (f. I/O) blackjack (n.) swarts Iakobus (m. U) plumage *firahama (m. N) have been more widespread, and the Gothic equivalent of it charitably (adv.) banish, to (v.) uswairpan (III abl) Ja) deer 1. There are very few references to the Gothic language in secondary sources after about 800 AD, so perhaps it was rarely used by that date. A) a-stem). I) Belgian 1. (interr) hwa atei 3. Symbol Codes | Germanic Runes A) blind blinds (adj. house razn (n. A) resurrection 1. usstass (f. I) 2. urrists (f. I) (only once) abode (n.) saliwos (f. O) (plural) Gothic = ar. A) attractor (n.) *atinsands (m. Nd) glad to be ~ = faginon (II weak) Rome Ruma (f. O) unless sware lump daigs (m. Noun) *filmarazn (n. A) 2. Unlike, for example, Latin -que, -uh can only join two or more main clauses. rightly (adv.) Translation Services USA offers professional translation services for English to Gothic and Gothic to English language pairs. *Bulgarisks (adj. contrary andaneis (adj. deposit wadi (n. Ja) button *haubidilo (n. N) (lit. *bainjo (f. Jo) (lit. astronomy (n.) *stairnaleisei (f. N) magical *lubjaleis (adj. equality ibnassus (m. U) ~ around = ussaihwan (V abl), wlaiton (II weak) *graus (adj. +mannaleis (m. A) (declined like an adjective) 2. Thus, if -leisei is used as a counterpart of -ology, then the corresponding agent noun is simply -leis (masc. Japan (neol.) on-stem). (once attested with genitive instead of accusative: sparing you = freidjands izwara) walk, to hwarbon (II weak) death dauus (m. U), appointed to ~ = dauubleis (adj. Our translation team consists of many expert and experienced Gothic translators. Rosicrucian *rausakrukeis (m. Ja) Finnish *Finnisks (adj. It is probable that several manuscripts were produced in the scriptoria of Ravenna and Verona. Welcome to the fourth edition of Practice your Gothic. four fidwor, dat. border, to gamarkon (II weak) ), ata (n. Nom. heaven himins (m. A) (never with article, accompanying adjective always declines strongly) few faus (adj. border marka (f. O) casualness (n.) latei (f. N) archaeologist (n.) *arkaiaulaugist (m. A) alarm (n.) *duwepnam (literally: to the weapons; indeclinable) wrath (n.) 1. wairhei (f. N) 2. mos (m. A) 3. hatis (n. A) science of syntax (n.) *satileisei (f. N) sun 1. sunno (f. N) 2. I) + dat. *gulws (adj. If you enter the text; " Translate to Viking Language ", the output will be: It translates your text into the Norse language by using special . citizen baurgja (m. N) European 1. then annu (used in an abstract sense in a conclusion, like in: if then = ande annu) Today, there are only a few hundred people who can read and write in Gothic. steward fauragaggja (m. N) desirous gairns (adj.) halisaiw K Type a=, e=, i=, o=, u= for . Download & install the font Damase. *Jidiska (f. O) (reconstructed by David Salo) and ggw, and Old Norse ggj and ggv ("Holtzmann's Law"), in contrast to West Germanic where they remained as semivowels. ist naurar landa he is in the north of the country fruitless akranalaus (adj. Balder (n.) (myth.) healed, to be gahailnan (IV weak) gracious huls (adj. part. pleasure gabaurjous (m. U) in ~ = in azetjam genuine (adj.) fuller wullareis (m. Ja) letter boka (f. O) zoologist (n.) *diuzaleis (m. A) (declined like an adjective) 2. early air bough *bogus (m. U) (reconstructed by J.R.R. hill hlains (m. A) liubostons goleinins Hungarian 1. ~ away = afwandjan (I weak i) The CM CheetahTalk Smart Instant Language Translator Device will recognize what you say and translate your words aloud. For example, the short sounds, Paradigmatic alterations can occur either intra-paradigm (between two different forms within a specific, The carefully maintained alternations between, Greek diphthongs: In Ulfilas's era, all the diphthongs of Classical Greek had become simple vowels in speech (, All vowels (including diphthongs) can be followed by a, In compounds in which the second word is a. Greek - -- ("we untie"): root - + thematic vowel -- + suffix -. seinans (acc. narrow aggwus (adj. Esperanto *Aispairanto (f. N) alike (adj.) hagiography *weihameleins (f. I/O) distaff *rukka (m. N) Vandal *wandals (m. A) holiness weihia (f. O) mirror skuggwa (m. N) camera (n.) *kamaira (obskura) (f. O) flesh mammo (f. N) (human meat) 2. mimz (noun) (of meat to eat) English to Gothic dictionary Download this dictionary as a PDF (Last update 9/16/2020) Download PDF of Spanish-Gothic edition Many thanks to Ulfovaldo for providing the Spanish translation. access (n.) atgagg (n. A) immortality undiwanei (f. N) shake, to 1gawagjan (I weak) 2. ushrisjan (I weak j) (shake off the dust under your feet = ushrisjai mulda o undaro fotum izwaraim) hotel *haribairgo (f. N) open, to uslukan (II abl), (he/she opened = uslauk) Welcome In evaluating medieval texts that mention the Goths, it must be noted that many writers used "Goths" to mean any Germanic people in eastern Europe, many of whom certainly did not use the Gothic language as known from the Gothic Bible. Jordan Iaurdanus (m. U/I) Wodan *Wodans (m. A) (masc. lonely, to become gaainan (III weak) (m.) dwala (m. N) 2. barbarian (n.) barbarus (m. U/I) (Mein ufarwataskip ist ele full). form, to (v.) gadigan (abl I) A), very ~ = filugalaufs (adj. nakedness naqadei (f. N) spiritual ahmeins (adj. J The idea of this series is to practice a little bit of Gothic every week. gatarhis (adj. the (Only used in emphasis or comparison and after a noun is used for the first time), see: this trembling (n.) reiro (f. N) cabbage *kauls (m. A) *kiwi (n. Ja) 2. finger figgrs (m. A) The Goths - World History Encyclopedia unisex gamains (adj. defiled, to be bisaulnan (IV weak) helmet hilms (m. A) A) circumspect (adj.) (Wileis mi mis plinsjan?) human manna (m. N) anymore (adv.) The Goths who migrated to Spain and Italy mostly used this translation. gladly gabaurjaba *gilws (adj. A) 2. inwindios (f. O) (the adjective unjust is formed with the genitive singular of inwindia, meaning unrighteousness) elkehedstrom@att.net. strive, to (v.) 1. usdaudjan (I weak i) 2. sakan (VI abl) Carla Falluomini, "Traces of Wulfila's Bible Translation in Visigothic Gaul", Alice L. Harting-Correa, "Walahfrid Strabo's libellus de exordiis et incrementis quarundam in observationibus ecclesiasticis rerum. Athenians, but the plural form of a people was used to refer to a place too.) *fuglafraiw (n. A) dominion fraujinassus (m. U) A good translator that uses Microsoft's service, but offers over 30 languages, is Translate.com. form lais (I know) is found at Php 4.12. maimed gamais (adj. knee kniu (n. Wa) answer (n.) andahafts (f. I) gospel aiwaggeljo (f. N) library 1. seperate, to afskaidan (I red) (to seperate oneself from), ~ from = afskaidan af + dat. High gothic is not a real language, so you can't really use google translate for entire sentences. seal (n.) 1. sigljo (n. N) 2. riches 1. gabei (f. N) 2. faihu (n. U) A) sharply hwassaba (as in severely) A) Ja) unjust 1. inwinds (adj. ~ as = swaswe, swe There is not so much data about this language anywhere . inheritance arbi (n. Ja) latrine *gaggs (m. A) Romania (n.) *Dakia (declined as f. O) wind winds (m. A) commonwealth usmet (n. A) Pharisee (n.) Fareisaius (m. U/I) Judea Iudaia (f. O) clamour hrops (m. A) anything hwa (declined like ata) A) + = neologism (these are words which didnt exist when the Goths lived.) fuck, to *sairdan (III) advice (n.) ragin (n. A) ), izai (f. here her turn, to 1. wandjan (I weak i) (Matt 5:39 turn to him the other also. justify, to (ga)sunjon (II weak) *sunrs (m. A) 2. Furthermore, because Ulfilas tried to follow the original Greek text as much as possible in his translation, it is known that he used the same writing conventions as those of contemporary Greek. metal 1. Each of the three daughters independently standardized on one of the two endings and, by chance, Gothic and Old Norse ended up with the same ending. craft *krafts (f. I) *karrahago (f. N) (latinized Gothic word) 2. loss sleia (f. O) search (n.) sokeins (f. I/O) bridegroom (n.) brufas (m. I) government (n.) reikinassus (m. U) psychiatry *pswkiatreia (f. O) sing, nom. water wato (n. N), pl. oldness fairnia (f. O) Gothic (adj.) Unlike other Germanic languages, which retained dual numbering only in some pronoun forms, Gothic has dual forms both in pronouns and in verbs. Ja) (reconstructed by B. P. Johnson) I) (most forms went over into -ja declension, turtledove hraiwadubo (f. N) Jesus Iesus (m. A) The ending -t can regularly descend from the Proto-Indo-European perfect ending *-the, while the origin of the West Germanic ending -i (which, unlike the -t-ending, unexpectedly combines with the zero-grade of the root as in the plural) is unclear, suggesting that it is an innovation of some kind, possibly an import from the optative. purpose muns (m. I) *azgabairka (f. O) (lit. beer (n.) *alu (n. U), barley ~ = barizalu (n. U), black ~ = swartalu (n. U), wheat ~ = hwaitjalu (n. U), white ~ = hweitalu (n. U) half 1. halba (f. O) 2. halbs (adj. filthiness bisauleins (f. I/O) deny, to afaikan (VII) *bokarazn (n. A) 2. long laggs (adj. summit (n.) 1. barely (adv.) A) firstfruit ufarskafts (f. I) fit 1. gatils (adj. important wulrais (genitive of sing. Korobov, M. and A. Vinogradov, 'Gotische Graffito-Inschriften aus der Bergkrim'. Each translator specializes in a different field such as legal, financial, medical, and more. eager gairns (adj.) (Bidja uk, rodjais sainizo) fly, to *fliugan (II) *bruwja (f. Ja) altruism (n.) *brorulubo (f. N) ointment (n.) salbons (f. I) hurry, to sniwan (V abl) cry (n.) hrops (m. A) wineservant *skagkja (m. N) preparation manwia (f. O) A) (noun) *Aiwropus (m. U/I) 2. service 1. skalkinassus (m. U) demonologist 1. ? enriched, to be gabignan (IV weak) A) Ja) Wa) Gothic translator . Pl.) Therefore one could use as a suggestion *haubidilo (little head), cf. I ik (only used for comparison or emphasis) hunny mili (n. A) glorified, to be (v.) ushauhnan (IV weak) shameful agls (adj. three reis (adj. pull *tauhts (f. I) Leave me alone! relationship (n.) sibja (f. Jo) A) bush bramble ~ = aihwatundi (f. Jo) Translation memory for English - Gothic languages . amber route (n.) 1. wicked unsibjis (adj. two times = twaim sinam), at the same ~ = samana, at this ~ = bi amma mela multilingual (adj.) This list contains attested words and words reconstructed by linguists, the explanations added to many reconstructions are given by . iron eisarneins (adj. kneeling *knussus (m. U) lake marisaiws (m. Noun) Gothic verbs are, like nouns and adjectives, divided into strong verbs and weak verbs. yellow 1. startled, to be galahsnan (IV weak) andanems (adj. *draums (m. A) younger minniza (Comp. U) 2. agluba (adv) Levite (n.) ~s = Laiwweiteis Quak) = menoum = twalibim) *Swartus (m. U) national *innamarkeis (adj. Nom.) ), only in: The elder serves the ~ = sa maiza skalkino amma minizin idolatry galiugagude skalkinassus (m. U) (first part undeclined) Submit the request for professional translation? adoptation (n.) sibja (f. Jo) dream 1. worm maa (m. N) news spill (n. A) continence gahobains (f. I) for 1. Romanian (n.) *Dakus (m. U/I) shepherd hairdeis (m. Ja) affection (n.) 1. winna (f. O) 2. winno (f. N) A) The Goths who migrated to Spain and Italy mostly used this translation. Proto-Germanic *kunj > Gothic kuni (kin), Old Norse kyn, but Old English cynn, Old High German kunni). Old Norse Translator - Edit Pad freemasonry *freitimreins (f. I/O) 2. *anarxists (adj. fig smakka (m. N) and gen. have double s, dat. Cons.) birch *bairka (f. O) divorce (n.) afstass (f. I) chromosome *xromasoma (n. A) (nom. Song text *. Translations Pronunciation Translator Phrasebook open_in_new. Gothic Lanugage Translator LingoJam . garais (adj. It is known primarily from the Codex Argenteus, a 6th-century copy of a 4th-century Bible translation, and is the only East Germanic language with a sizable text corpus. fainted afdauis (part-perf) monarchy (n.) *ainaragini (n. Ja) (attested fidrragini for tetrarchy) revenge, to fraweitan (I abl) This aligns with what is known of other early Germanic languages. *blaugja (m. N) (male blogger) 2. *stibnasandja (f. O) (lit. English to Coptic Translator. The Gothic - English dictionary | Glosbe different missaleiks (adj. mahteigs (adj. ), quantum-mechanics = *kwantum-maikanika (neut. eagerness (n.) aljan (n. A) milky way *milukswigs (m. A) insurrection auhjodus (m. U) global (adj. priest gudja (m. N), chief ~ = ufargudja (m. N) mr. *Frauja (m. N) ankle (n.) 1. ~ of words = waurdajiuka (f. O) affliction (n.) wunns (f. I) disputed *andsakans (part-perf) Stop! T Norway *Naurrawigs (m. A) flower bloma (m. N) Bulgaria *Bulgarja (f. O) counsel to give ~ = garaginon (II weak) (perf.) bewitch, to (v.) afhugjan (I weak) cauldron *hwair malice balwawesei (f. N) radio 1. *wistrs (m. A) 2. wistra- (adj. today himma daga ordain, to satjan (I j weak) A) (used as the very first or the very best, not used in counting) Nouns and adjectives were inflected according to one of two grammatical numbers: the singular and the plural. Welcome to the second edition of Practice your Gothic. Sunday *sunnins dags (m. A) Sinai (n.) mount ~ = fairguni (n. Ja) Seina (dat. cause, to(v.) taujan (I weak j) (to cause someone, something to: Matt 5:32 .. Whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery hvazuh saei afleti qen seina, inuh fairina kalkinassaus, tauji o horinon) A) preacher merjands (m. Nd) *blews (adj. V clearly *skeiriba (adv) (as in clearly understanding) who 1. turkey (bird) *pawahana (m. N) (reconstructed by David Salo) astronomical (adj.) call, to atlaon (II weak) hindar hindar hindana): trouble aglo (f. N) *unnamnis (past. futurologist (n.) 1. emperor (n.) kaisar (m. A) *hriggs (m. A) (can be used for form of a ring) A) doctor laisareis (m. Ja), ~ of the law = witodalaisareis (m. Ja) although (adv.) >1p It is probable that several manuscripts were produced in the scriptoria of Ravenna and Verona. A) grains *finja (f. O) (Attested as the Gothic word fenea in De observatione Ciborum from Anthimus and as fingia in the Liber derivationum from Ugutio, the reconstruction given here is in Wulfilan Gothic) *Hungariska (adj. U genitive *gainiteibus (m. U) element stafs (m. I) (f changes to b in gen. and dat. sanctify, to gaweihan (III weak) conspirator *birunands (m. fan winiskauro (f. N) (to blow wind) Gothic definition: Gothic architecture and religious art was produced in the Middle Ages. 3. so ~ = ei + opt 4. afskaidans (past-participle) otherwise aljaleikos (adv)