/Pg 240 0 R /O /Layout /P 196 0 R /Marked true 172 0 obj >> /O /Layout >> [Google Scholar]). >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] %PDF-1.6 /K 13 endobj /Count 5 /Resources << /A 280 0 R /WritingMode /LrTb 217 0 obj /Resources << The concept of objectivity in news reporting is presented in a scheme, assumed to contain its main components, and the author's practical experiences from eight major objectivity studies are reported and discussed. /A 354 0 R /Resources << The objective is therefore: real, true, factual. /Pg 246 0 R But, from another perspective (ontological), it can also mean arbitrary, whimsical, unwarranted, that is, lacking correspondence to reality. 7. /Parent 22 0 R endobj endobj /WritingMode /LrTb ubuntu << /K 1 7 [null null null 64 0 R null null null 65 0 R 66 0 R] /Font << /TextAlign /Justify /CS0 [/ICCBased 439 0 R] << 279 0 obj /O /Layout Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. /Count 5 >> /Parent 10 0 R << /SpaceAfter 3.0 /S /Normal /TextAlign /Justify endobj /TextAlign /Justify << /P 204 0 R endobj /Parent 25 0 R 49 0 obj >> /S /Body#20Text /O /Layout /P 204 0 R >> /Pg 220 0 R /TT2 456 0 R /K 0 3 0 obj >> endobj Traditional journalistic ideals have attained increasing support over time and the efforts to fix professional boundaries are fierce. << But increasingly, reporters, editors and media critics argue that the concept of journalistic objectivity << >> 342 0 obj /Type /Page endobj >> endobj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj 2009-04-23T15:11:44+02:00 >> /TT0 454 0 R << >> /WritingMode /LrTb /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 68 0 obj 240 0 obj endobj 45 0 obj /Pg 249 0 R /Parent 23 0 R /S /LI /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 264 0 obj >> /StructParents 6 /ColorSpace << /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 9.0 for Word) /P 204 0 R /Font << /Type /Page << /TT1 455 0 R /A 429 0 R /A 302 0 R /S /Normal /O /Layout >> /P 204 0 R /K 11 /K 1 /Pg 190 0 R /O /Layout endobj /Pg 264 0 R Webpresented as fair and objective journalism was in fact freighted with the racist stereotypes that had been deployed to justify slavery. He continued that this apology endobj 151 0 obj >> /ColorSpace << /K 1 >> /O /Layout endobj >> endobj >> << /K 87 0 R /K 5 Weekly roundup Fox endorsed false election fraud claims, earning trust through community engagement, and the Financial Times new AI editor. /CS0 [/ICCBased 439 0 R] /Parent 27 0 R /K 0 /CS1 [/ICCBased 480 0 R] /TT0 454 0 R 226 0 obj endobj endobj /StructParents 47 endobj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /P 204 0 R /O /Layout /TextIndent -18.0 /Pg 214 0 R /A 390 0 R Objectivity in Journalism.pdf - Journal of Interdisciplinary >> /Font << /WritingMode /LrTb /TT0 454 0 R /P 196 0 R /TT1 456 0 R << These boundaries are, however, subjects of negotiation: In the professional identity formation of Swedish journalists between 1989-2005 I also detect and increasing orientation towards liberal- and market values, which I interpret as the incorporation of organizational values into the professional identity thereby legitimizing those. /K 2 >> 169 0 obj 290 0 obj /A 360 0 R >> << >> /Info 203 0 R /TextAlign /Justify /S /Normal 246 0 obj >> endobj /Prev 451 0 R /Pg 263 0 R >> 66 0 obj >> << >> << /StructParents 13 /O /Layout << >> In these African countries, business journalism has been steadily growing since the late 1960s, fuelled by the presence of robust stock exchanges and increasing debate on the issue of business journalism ethics. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] << << /TextAlign /Justify endobj << << /S /Normal 401 0 obj << /Count 9 >> >> /Pg 238 0 R /A 402 0 R >> >> /ColorSpace << endobj << << /TT0 454 0 R This guide, like many of the others in APIs Journalism Essentials section, is largely based on the research and teachings of the Committee of Concerned Journalists a consortium of reporters, editors, producers, publishers, owners and academics that for 10 years facilitated a discussion among thousands of journalists about what they did, how they did it, and why it was important. /P 204 0 R << /TextAlign /Justify endobj /Pg 239 0 R endobj << /K 3 >> /S /Body#20Text /S /Normal 62 0 obj 298 0 obj /A 396 0 R /Pg 230 0 R /WritingMode /LrTb >> /Resources << /P 204 0 R stream /WritingMode /LrTb >> >> 375 0 obj /S /Body#20Text /Resources << /StructParents 41 endobj WebObjectivity is defined by most dictionaries as expressing or using facts without distortion by personal beliefs, bias, feelings or prejudice. /Pg 255 0 R >> Objectivity called for journalists to develop a consistent method of testing information a transparent approach to evidence. >> /Pg 210 0 R /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /WritingMode /LrTb 12 [77 0 R 78 0 R] /A 318 0 R /A 355 0 R /WritingMode /LrTb 277 0 obj /Length 2021 /Contents 516 0 R /SpaceAfter 3.0 /A 277 0 R /Type /Page 87 0 obj >> /Rotate 0 >> >> /TT0 454 0 R /Next 20 0 R << >> ?o\UIVe$Z.FtOmWm`^cy_7eW }{y1_\iXnAll^Z,x+ff&OTn&*Z4}F_?s_$?Gig882 x `% PJdF0up!((! /2*1-+@02I m+XY)Ij)r'^6r/)_f0Ve"$2(n7V!DpIO >> /P 204 0 R >> /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 20 0 obj >> /Rotate 0 The Development of Journalism in the /Type /Pages /Parent 33 0 R /Type /Page Journalism, Lippmann declared, was being practiced by untrained accidental witnesses. Good intentions, or what some might call honest efforts by journalists, were not enough. /P 204 0 R 184 0 obj /K 1 >> /K 0 endobj /O /Layout endobj /Pg 190 0 R /Next 16 0 R 23 0 obj 418 0 obj /A 399 0 R application/pdf /S /Body#20Text null null 56 0 R null null null 57 0 R null null null >> /Im1 446 0 R /TT1 456 0 R /K 1 << << 228 0 obj /StartIndent 36.0 /Type /Page >> /P 204 0 R /Pg 252 0 R /O /Layout /Parent 32 0 R endobj /A 375 0 R /TT1 456 0 R /TextAlign /Center 236 0 obj 338 0 obj 32 0 obj >> 51 0 obj /O /Layout >> >> /ColorSpace << endobj WebAbstract: Objectivity is a contentious topic in journalism, important to address in a newswriting classroom because of the professions mission of representing reality. /Contents 509 0 R >> /O /Layout /TextAlign /Justify /Pg 265 0 R /S /Normal /TextAlign /Justify << A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. /WritingMode /LrTb The reason for this is the increasing homogenization of journalistic ideals all journalists think increasingly alike, no matter social background. /StructParents 14 /Rotate 0 /Pg 234 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> /S /Body#20Text Ward, 2005 Ward, Stephen. /TT0 440 0 R /S /Heading#203 /A 428 0 R >> /Resources << /Type /Page /WritingMode /LrTb Objectivity in Journalism /K 5 /WritingMode /LrTb 108 0 obj /TT2 489 0 R << 361 0 obj /A 362 0 R /Type /Page >> /Parent 9 0 R /TT1 456 0 R << /WritingMode /LrTb >> /TT1 456 0 R endobj /WritingMode /LrTb /Diagram /Figure >> /A 459 0 R /Contents 482 0 R /TT0 454 0 R /TT1 456 0 R /StructParents 22 << /Rotate 0 /K 3 >> >> /S /Normal >> A second conclusion is that social attributes such as gender, age and formal qualifications mean less to the professional identity formation in 2005 than they did in 1989. >> >> >> /Pg 232 0 R endobj >> endobj /ColorSpace << << /Contents 471 0 R /Parent 25 0 R endobj /Rotate 0 >> >> 427 0 obj The People Have Spoken GET BOOK Download The People Have Spoken Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle /K 7 Journalism and Democracy - Brian McNair 2012-10-12 The public sphere is said to be in crisis. /TT0 454 0 R /SpaceBefore 12.0 << 422 0 obj /S /Body#20Text << >> /K 1 /A 379 0 R /K 204 0 R >> 249 0 obj /StructParents 63 /WritingMode /LrTb [PDF] Objectivity in Journalism by Steven Maras eBook | Perlego endobj << /K 0 A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. /Font << /CS0 [/ICCBased 439 0 R] >> 251 0 obj endstream Webobjectivity to the activities of reporting and editing. 221 0 obj >> It argues that the concept of objectivity in journalism originates in the positivistic, View 3 excerpts, cites methods and background, Why did the occupational norm of objectivity arise in American journalism? endobj << << /CS0 [/ICCBased 439 0 R] /S /Normal >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj /Rotate 0 WebJournalists who fight for the ability to abandon objectivity in their writing have ways to contort the data they report into a type of misleading manipulation that changes the meaning of the data. >> endobj >> << >> By and large, however, these informal strategies have not been pulled together into the widely understood discipline that Lippmann and others imagined. /Count 5 /WritingMode /LrTb /TT1 456 0 R Since the nineteenth century, the theory of objectivity has been considered a cornerstone principle of journalism. /A 417 0 R << /TextDecorationColor [0.0 0.0 0.0] /TextAlign /Center /Pg 190 0 R 332 0 obj << /Type /Page /Type /Page The solution, Lippmann argued, was for journalists to acquire more of the scientific spirit There is but one kind of unity possible in a world as diverse as ours. /K 0 /TextAlign /Justify /Parent 28 0 R /P 196 0 R 38 [122 0 R] /TT0 454 0 R >> /O /Layout Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. << << 394 0 obj /TT2 489 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 439 0 R] /A 274 0 R >> endobj >> /K 4 144 0 obj >> /P 17 0 R >> /S /Normal 340 0 obj 310 0 obj << 382 0 obj >> /O /Layout << /K 1 248 0 obj /O /Layout << << /S /GoTo >> 328 0 obj << 224 0 obj /TT2 455 0 R /O /Layout endobj /O /Layout << Some praiseworthy attempts have been made in the last years, from a pragmatist standpoint, to substitute the traditional concept of objectivity for a more solid one, connected to that of truth (e.g. /TT0 454 0 R << /WritingMode /LrTb 352 0 obj The term originally represented a rigorous reporting procedure growing out of the broader cultural movement of scientific naturalism. << /TextAlign /Justify endobj << /TextAlign /Center /A 352 0 R /Pg 212 0 R endobj /K 8 >> /Resources << Although journalism may have developed various techniques and conventions for determining facts, it has done less to develop a system for testing the reliability of journalistic interpretation. 2 0 obj These, The hvfession of Journalism; a coUedion particles on new^aper editing and publishing taken from Ihe Atlantic Monthly, Proiltnu of Joumalism: hocttdings cftkt Amtrican Sodtly of Ntwspaptr Editors, Problems tf Joumalism Procttdings tftkt Amtrican Stdtly ofNtuspaptr Editors, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. /O /Layout /Type /Page /A 18 0 R /S /Normal << 124 0 obj /TT0 454 0 R /Pg 236 0 R endobj 128 0 obj /A 199 0 R endobj /TextAlign /Justify /Contents 490 0 R << >> 121 0 obj /Parent 8 0 R >> /CS0 [/ICCBased 439 0 R] endobj /P 21 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 439 0 R] endobj /Resources << /K 1 27 [102 0 R] /Contents 473 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R endobj << << 205 0 obj endobj >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj /StructParents 52 endobj /Font << /ColorSpace << /Parent 28 0 R endobj uuid:b40aa8b4-44ae-49b9-be3e-6e1288eaba82 /TextAlign /Justify endobj /Resources << /TT1 456 0 R 3. /P 204 0 R >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /ColorSpace << 399 0 obj endobj endobj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> endobj >> As part of the western world, Isabel Wilkersons award-winning The Warmth of Other Suns (2010) is an evolutionary marker for transparency and authority in a genre that remains in flux. /CS1 [/ICCBased 480 0 R] /A 374 0 R /O /Layout >> /StructParents 62 /Pg 190 0 R /A 350 0 R /TT1 456 0 R /P 204 0 R endobj >> endobj This proves that it still remains firmly entrenched. endobj >> /S /LBody >> Objectivity << << /A 326 0 R /WritingMode /LrTb ker (2012) says. /Pg 248 0 R endobj But increasingly, reporters, editors and media critics argue that the concept of journalistic objectivity /CS1 [/ICCBased 480 0 R] Honasa Consumer Ltd. hiring Mamaearth - Manager - Social >> /CS0 [/ICCBased 439 0 R] << /P 196 0 R >> /TextAlign /Justify endobj /O /Layout /K 1 And what is real, true and factual? /StructParents 37 /Rotate 0 60 [184 0 R] stream /Rotate 0 endobj << Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. 2009-04-23T15:09:15+02:00 endobj /Count 5 << >> /S /Body#20Text /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] I show that the main arguments for inevitable bias fail but identify factors, What journalists think when they talk about objectivity is the subject of this article, which is based on a qualitative study with journalists from regional and national newspapers. The problem is that each of the stated political, economic and social groups and institutions has their own view of this term. << >> /Resources << /K 0 >> << >> 147 0 obj endobj << /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Metadata 197 0 R /Rotate 0 Rather, it is an often helpful device news organizations use to highlight that they are trying to produce something obtained by objective methods. /A 369 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page objectivity WebPdf Printing and Workflow (Frank J. Romano) Environmental Pollution and Control (P. Arne Vesilin; Ruth F. Weiner) Marketing Management : Analysis, Planning, and Control (Philip Kotler) Marketing-Management: Mrkte, Marktinformationen und Marktbearbeit (Matthias /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj >> << endobj >> A main conclusion is that journalism is not de-professionalizing on ideological level, but going through a re-formation. /WritingMode /LrTb /Contents 511 0 R /SpaceBefore 12.0 /Pg 219 0 R How journalists in four continents define a key term of their profession. >> /TextAlign /Justify endobj >> 384 0 obj /CS0 [/ICCBased 439 0 R] endobj 325 0 obj /A 419 0 R /K 0 endobj << endobj 389 0 obj /CS0 [/ICCBased 439 0 R] >> /Count 64 &>DN%H &&):H; O*l, A literature review of the factors impacting on objectivity in news journalism. /Rotate 0 /A 346 0 R /A 397 0 R 412 0 obj 119 0 obj << /StructParents 30 /P 204 0 R endobj 105 0 obj 271 0 obj endobj /K 0 /Pg 251 0 R /WritingMode /LrTb endobj << /K 0 388 0 obj /Resources << /TextIndent -18.0 /A 386 0 R endobj >> 156 0 obj /Rotate 0 /WritingMode /LrTb /TextAlign /Justify >> >> endobj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj 267 0 obj Throughout the semester, this course will also address broader questions raised by the practice of investigative reporting and by the current news cycle: What is the relationship between journalists identities and traditional conceptions of objectivity? /Font << /O /Layout 218 0 obj /O /Layout Damon asked his interviewees where they learned these concepts. /TT2 456 0 R /P 462 0 R /ColorSpace << /SpaceAfter 6.0 CNNs reporting revealed an ideology of a, In recent years some journalists have become aggressive and outspoken in challenging corporate policies that restrict a reporter's offduty political activities, particularly when they are unrelated, Journalistic objectivity is the definitive canon of American mainstream journalism. /Type /Page << >> /TT0 454 0 R << << /ColorSpace << /A 422 0 R stream /TextAlign /Center << 363 0 obj >> They have investigated stories and asked the vital questions needed to present their audience with the full picture, always aiming to /P 204 0 R /P 295 0 R /TT1 455 0 R /Count 5 /Type /Page 116 0 obj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] In coverage of policing, adherents to the neutral objectivity model create journalism so deferential to the police that entire articles are rendered meaningless. /TextAlign /Justify >> 318 0 obj /S /Body#20Text >> >> /O /Layout >> /Pg 216 0 R /Resources << /Type /Pages /K 0 96 0 obj /S /Body#20Text 120 0 obj endobj Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 27(I): 16190. << >> /Next 200 0 R /TT1 456 0 R "The New Precision Journalism" shows journalists and students of journalism how to use the new technology to analyze data and provide more precise information in easier-to-understand form. << 190 0 obj << /StructParents 55 /ColorSpace << /S /Normal endobj Sobre el vigor contemporneo de la falacia objetivista, Revista de Filosofa, Objetivismo, subjetivismo y realismo como posturas epistemolgicas sobre la actividad informativa. /Type /Page >> 180 0 obj /O /Layout 296 0 obj /Title (The MA treatise :Chapter: 2) 53 0 obj /Rotate 0 /P 204 0 R 182 0 obj /S /Body#20Text >> /P 204 0 R Defining Objectivity within Journalism /S /LI >> /CS0 [/ICCBased 439 0 R] << >> >> << When the concept originally evolved, it was not meant to imply that journalists were free of bias. /O /Layout >> 321 0 obj /K 0 Objectivity, Professionalism, and Truth Seeking << endobj Questions about journalists perceptions of various ideals offer excellent opportunities to explore possible homogenization vs. fragmentation, and what the attitudinal dimensions actually say about the professional content of Swedish journalism. >> /ColorSpace << 162 0 obj /TT2 489 0 R 309 0 obj /Resources << 428 0 obj This question has attracted the interest of many journalism historians but it has not previously been examined as an, This paper interrogates traditional notions of journalistic objectivity and its interpretation in conventional news reporting. 29 0 obj 192 0 obj endobj /K 0 /TextAlign /Justify /S /Body#20Text endobj endobj << >> Objectivity and independence principle bypass frp with chromebook watch euphoria online free. /SpaceBefore 12.0 /Contents 487 0 R >> 30 0 obj /Font << endobj /CS0 [/ICCBased 439 0 R] /O /Layout Adopting the indicator of moral loading under the, Abstract Public service, ethics, objectivity, autonomy and immediacy are still often considered the core values of professional journalism. /A 391 0 R /O /Layout /Type /Page /O /Layout << /S /Body#20Text 322 0 obj endobj >> /S /Body#20Text#20Indent /K 11 /S /Body#20Text >> endobj 58 [182 0 R] >> An earlier version of this paper was presented to the Philosophy of Communication section of the European Communication Research and Education Association Conference, held in October 2010 in Hamburg. /O /Layout /Title (4.2 News Selections and the role of gatekeepers) 353 0 obj 90 0 obj Objective /TextAlign /Justify << << << /Contents 481 0 R >> /P 196 0 R /A 338 0 R >> >> /A 404 0 R endobj /P 204 0 R /TextAlign /Justify /Subtype /XML /StructParents 34 /S /LBody endobj 29 [105 0 R 106 0 R] endobj endobj << /ColorSpace << /Contents 504 0 R << /StructParents 12 >> /K 0 >> >> endobj /StructParents 39 /Font << /Resources << /D [248 0 R /XYZ 417 425 0.0] endobj << /TT0 454 0 R /O /Layout << /A 403 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R /Normal /P >> >> /P 196 0 R << /Pg 249 0 R 260 0 obj /WritingMode /LrTb Faith in the rugged individualism of the tough reporter, what Lippmann called the cynicism of the trade, was also not enough. For instance, objectivity is usually related to politics, professional routines, historical evolution, ethical and economic aspects of media, etc. >> /Parent 22 0 R /StructParents 59 /TextAlign /Justify /TextAlign /Center /A 343 0 R /Font << participatory /ColorSpace << How to Best Serve Communities: Reflections on Civic Journalism, Civic Journalism and Community Newspapers, The Roles of Civic and Traditional Journalism, The Contextualization of the Watchdog and Civic Journalistic Roles: Reevaluating Journalistic Role Performance in U.S, JOUR 580.01: Graduate Seminar - Journalism and Society, Pathways to Engagement: Understanding How Newsrooms Are Working with Communities, Journalism As Model for Civic and Information Literacies, 1 the Print That Binds: Local Journalism, Civic Life and the Public Sphere, Journalism and Community: a Case Study of the Milwaukee Neighborhood News Service (NNS) Herbert J, Sharing the News: Journalistic Collaboration As Field Repair, Evaluation of Eca's Professional Journalism and Media Exchange Programs, The 1997 Catto Report on Journalism and Society, Civic Journalism and the Transformation of an Authoritarian Media Institution, COMMUNITY JOURNALISM: GETTING STARTED Third Edition, THE MEDIA in YOUR LIFE an Introduction to Mass Communication, 3/E 2004, Objectivity and Professional Journalism in Transition in the Modern Media Ecology, Fusion Power of Public and Participatory Journalism, The Development of Journalism in the Face of Social Media a Study on Social MediaS Impact on a JournalistS Role, Method and Relationship to the Audience, American University Library Special Collections Finding Aid to The, Reproductions Supplied by EDRS Are the Best That Can Be Made from the Original Document, Public Journalism: Controversies Over the Media's Role in 1990S America, Civic Journalism: News As Transactional Pedagogy, The Impact of Crosscheck on Journalists & the Audience, Deon and Telos: How Journalisms Are Evolving Their Ethical Approaches, On Behalf of Journalism: a Manifesto for Change by Geneva Overholser, Functioning of Civic/Citizen Journalism in the Media Space of the Republic of Tatarstan, The End of Objectivity and Neutrality in Civic and Environmental Journalism, Are New Media Credible? 4. /P 204 0 R /TextAlign /Center Objectivity in Journalism - DocsLib /Filter /FlateDecode /TT1 455 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Resources << /A 409 0 R /O /Layout /CS0 [/ICCBased 439 0 R] /Rotate 0 endobj However, photojournalistic work has confronted historic, Miscarriages of justice occur far more frequently than we dare to believe (Yant, 1991; Naughton, 2009) and quite simply, ruin peoples lives. /K 4 endobj >> 304 0 obj >> /K 54 0 R /A 435 0 R /P 204 0 R >> /Kids [190 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R] 22 [95 0 R] /StructParents 46 /CS0 [/ICCBased 439 0 R] /Type /Page >> << 185 0 obj The research found that while all three newspapers had clear ethical guidelines in place and editors and journalists recognized the importance of ethical behavior, ethical practice did not always follow. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /TT2 442 0 R /S /Sect 337 0 obj And these provide additionalelements, grounded in established intellectual territory, that help support classroom dialogue about the concept in anewsgathering context. The concept of objectivity has been regarded as a cornerstone principle of journalism since the nineteenth century. >> /TT2 456 0 R /O /Layout /Rotate 0 /Font << 336 0 obj 118 0 obj /TextAlign /Center /Type /Page /Type /Page /Parent 22 0 R /Font << /Type /Pages 51 [163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R] There is nothing approaching standard rules of evidence, as in the law, or an agreed-upon method of observation, as in the conduct of scientific experiments. /P 204 0 R /Resources << >> /Pg 251 0 R << >> 85 0 obj >> << >> /A 356 0 R /WritingMode /LrTb /P 204 0 R >> >> >> /S /Heading#203 /ColorSpace << The MA treatise :Chapter: 2 /TextAlign /Justify /Parent 32 0 R << /Contents 517 0 R /Font << application/pdf 152 0 obj 136 0 obj /WritingMode /LrTb /Pg 261 0 R /Pg 233 0 R << endobj << >> >> /Font << /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj endobj /CS0 [/ICCBased 439 0 R] << /S /Normal endobj 274 0 obj /Pg 248 0 R << >> 76 0 obj >> /Resources << fA!fCa8! # g'u}tLTQE'8^rw%xN=eCKQ>G;UMG,',HYu4#_ << >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> 98 0 obj >> << /Parent 31 0 R /S /Normal /TT1 456 0 R 231 0 obj objectivity /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Pg 257 0 R endobj /ColorSpace <<
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