In your study of Group 3 subjects, you will hear both the words culture and world-view said often. Subjectivity does not mean subjectivism but is rather the dwelling of the claim of the principle of reason which has as its consequences the Information Age and the Age of Artificial Intelligence in which the particularity, separation and validity of the individual disappears in favour of total uniformity. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Ratio and reor can mean to take something as something, such as the leafiness of the plant, the stone as stone, etc. It can also be a statement exhibiting a relation of implication i.e. Leibniz was also the inventor of what we call the insurance industry today. Technology is our understanding of what it means to be, the way we understand what it takes for something, anything, to be. I have written at greater length about values, knowledge and truth in other sections of this blog and you can explore those writings should you choose to do so. 13. Does all knowledge impose ethical obligations on those who know it? A discussion of what values and beliefs are might be demonstrated and you might find this link helpful. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs?. When we speak of the production of knowledge, we are tacitly recognizing technology as a way of knowing as a way of revealing the things that are hidden. However, it does not supply a sufficient reason for the shops being closed. and For what purpose? This calculus also determines how we view a work of art and gives rise simultaneously, during the 17th and 18th centuries, to the theory of aesthetics, how we view, define and subsequently speak about art and beauty. It is the old definition and understanding of justice: we render to others their due. The Theory of Knowledge Exhibition Prompts The TOK Exhibition (also sometimes called the TOK IA) counts for one-third of your marks in the course. Technology istheoretical;the practical applications, its instrumentality, is secondary to this primary theoretical viewing. In your Exhibition you will bring your knowledge to bear on the relations of the objects or images that you will choose to exhibit and demonstrate their connectedness to each other. The products of Microsoft may indeed have once belonged to Bill Gates, but the knowledge that brought about those products he has taken possession of, and that knowledge and its truth is present to everyone. How so? We are obliged to the things about us if we want them to work at their most efficient level. The organisation and classification of things is based on what we know of the things to begin with: the plant-like of the plant, the animation of the animal, the thingness of the thing, etc. One of the possible approaches to this prompt is to distinguish between the implications of having or not having self-knowledge and of having or not having shared knowledge. Perhaps the greatest challenge you will face is that the total word count for this document is 950 words (excluding references). What this means is that something is, something can only be identified as a being/thing, only if it is stated in a sentence that satisfies the fundamental principle of reason as its founding i.e.. it is the fundamental principle of all that is, including statements made to others. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? are established so that there is little room to discuss the objects and their being that are under scrutiny. It is through the original unconcealment of things which allows us to do anything whatsoever: in order for us to do anything, to act upon anything, to stand in relation to any being, it must have been disclosed to us in advance what a being is in general. Such a sign speaks the truth in that the fact is that the shop is closed. The comment should also justify the inclusion of the object in the exhibition and explain its links to the IA prompt (i.e. In Latin, this account is ratio:the ground of the truth of judgement isratio. . If not, you will get a 0. 11. There may be some dispute over the language used to communicate these conclusions, but this is avoided when the language used is mathematical calculus. Experiment and experience were once contrasted with the medieval practice of examining authorities and previous opinions. the permanent, unchanging things in contrast to the things that change. Does some knowledge belong only to particular communities of knowers? This need for the surety of what some thing is gives rise to our preference for mathematical calculus as that which represents knowledge in modernity. How can we judge when evidence is adequate? Technology is the beholding of the essence of all things in advance in the light of which humans make or produce things and can take a stand at all towards things. A priori comes from the Latin for what comes before, earlier; the a priori is the earlier. Join. There is no medieval world-picture: human beings are assigned their place by God in His created order. His original term was areteor what we have translated as virtue, and knowing oneself was to have knowledge of ones possibilities and potentialities. This is what you are doing with the images and objects of your Exhibition. All producing is based on a disclosive looking i.e. 11. This prompt asks you to inquire whether objectivity is possible given its assertion of the negative as to whether or not bias is inevitable (See prompt #28). Judgements and statements are correct, that means true, only if the reason for the connection of subject and predicate is rendered, given back to the representing I. 9. We call these facts, but they are facts only within the system that allows them to be seen as such. What is considered unknowable is where the search for knowledge begins so that they can become known; but notice that they will become known as things. Thus the issue between competing scientific theories cannot always be settled by experience: One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. Just as Artificial Intelligence machines arrive at their conclusions that are held in their programming (producing a haiku, for example), you too will also produce an outcome based on your chosen prompt in the manner of how you will examine your three images or objects; and like an Artificial Intelligence machine (to use a metaphor), you will produce a pre-programmed response though you may not be consciously aware of this. We cannot count on them because they are not grounded and the principle of sufficient reason supplies the grounds. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects . Can new knowledge change established new values and beliefs? Tautologies are prominent in modern day computer language. What are the implications of having, or not having, knowledge? First order claims are those that are made within particular areas of knowledge or by individual knowers about the world, or in this specific case, about the importance of tools in producing knowledge and acquiring knowledge in the various areas of knowledge. 24. The bias in the production of knowledge will be determined by the ends that have been chosen which will, in turn, determine the methods in which those ends will be achieved, usually unethical ones. The output that is looked for has already been pre-determined prior to the making or creation. From Oedipus to Hamlet and King Lear to Willy Loman, tragic heroes meet their demise, their. The sign is what is referred to as a tautology. Reasons must be given for the claims being made. This is the contradiction we live within. Some discussion of the certainty and reliability of mathematical knowledge will be required. It becomes something subjective. your cognition of the things, should come to a greater light or understanding through this exercise. The concreteness of the Exhibition itself is a product of your work and you will provide the first order descriptions of the images and things you have chosen. . can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects The political as understood here is not what we commonly think of as political parties etc. From where do these obligations stem? If a thing cannot be named, it cannot be given over to others. Our tragic literature, on the other hand, demonstrates the implications of the lack of self-knowledge in its heroes actions which ultimately lead to their demise in most cases. This is known as the correspondence theory of truth. One finds the best example of this metaphor in Shakespeares Macbeth and in the motif of sickness that runs throughout that play: Art not without ambition, but without/ The illness should attend it: what thou wouldst highly,/ That wouldst thou holily; wouldst not play false, And yet wouldst wrongly win(Act 1 Sc. Does our knowledge depend on our interactions with other knowers? can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects Does some knowledge belong only to particular communities of knowers? This prompt is very similar in nature to prompt #19 i.e. Usually we associate experience with an intense effect on ones inner life, but not necessarily externally, as in That was quite an experience. We as human beings define ourselves as the animal rationale, that animal that is capable of reason or the animal that is capable of ratio or of counting, the animal capable of language. Human being does not have a constant, project-independent understanding of itself: it first understands itself, or understands itself anew, after the projection. When infinitesimal and finite calculus come to the fore, so does the theory of aesthetics as applied to the experience of a work of art. This understanding is grounded in the principle of sufficient reason. Until they become a thing, they are not knowable. Hence, humanism arises at the same time as the world-picture, a philosophical interpretation of man that explains beings as a whole in terms of man and with a view to man. Adherents of the same world-picture may hold different world-views and enter into conflict employing the weapons supplied by their common world-picture. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects. The choice of the prompt is crucial for the outcome or product that you will produce or bring forth and hold forth upon. Such a definition is correct to a point. Our doubt and skepticism, on the other hand, is spurred by the requirement of giving sufficient reasons for a things being what and how it is, and should these not be given, then the thing is not. How does this statement relate to why human beings seek knowledge? 34. The students asked questions like 'What is the relationship between knowledge and culture?' or 'Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs?'. The main problem that you will be faced with in this prompt is that it is so broad that a focus is required, and you can begin to do so by looking at how values and beliefs changed in any number of areas of knowledge. For example, the virtue of a thoroughbred racehorse is to run fast; it is not good if it does not or cannot do so. The mystery of the principle of reason is what has come to define human beings as the animal rationale. Can new knowledge change established new values and beliefs? Even where one permits the animate its own character (as is done in the human sciences), this character is conceived as an additional structure built upon the inanimate. The reason rendered must be asufficient reason:that is, that it be completely satisfactory as an account. Deformity of the soul is characterized by the movement of the soul towards something which it has established as its aim, the scope in the soul where the aim is sighted, but the individual soul is inadequate to the aim; it is unfitted or not suitable to the aim such as seen in the play Macbeth once again. In your analysis of your chosen prompt, you need to determine whether or not it is a first-order question and therefore a description or explanation, or whether or not it is a second order question and therefore involves the nature of knowledge, the type of knowledge involved, and how we know. Opinion is the handing over of knowledge through language and what the thing is that is handed over. But even today, the principle of reason is not clearly understood as that which determines all cognition and behaviour. Reasons must be rendered to human beings who determine objects as objects by way of a representation that judges. Knowledge as truth indicates that some thing has been brought to light, has been revealed and this we consider a fact; but it is only a fact within the theoretical viewing or system that has brought it to light as such. They were brought to their current prominence by the German sociologist/philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey, the man considered to be the father of the modern understanding of the human sciences. Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? Arkadiusz Wargacki People tend to recognize their knowledge as the only correct image of reality surrounding them, as something indisputable and unchangeable. Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. Human being projects itself in its own project. they may provide a better description of the whence of the objects under examination. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects Isgho Votre ducation notre priorit We impose laws to determine our behaviours in our communities. But notice that the objects being spoken about must have already presented themselves to us in some fashion in order for our statements to be made about them i.e. Ours has been an age of progress in that the knowledge that has been produced from the technological viewing of the world has brought about many benefits. Part IX: Darwin/Nietzsche: Otherness, Owingness, And Nihilism: Nietzsche/Darwin Part VIII: Truth as Justice: 28. 31. Because reason is aratio,an account, if it is not given a judgement remains without justification. Plato sees the illness and ugliness of the soul as requiring a catharsis or purification. This merging and movement towards fascism, where the political leaders interests are considered as the public interests, is a worrying trend not only in America but in all parts of the world today. Although historians cannot observe what happened in a laboratory nor do experiments to confirm their hypothesis, they have developed alternative methods to gather knowledge. -There were cruel beliefs linked with this system. You might wish to consider how IT managers and creators mold our acquisition of knowledge by how they portray information as knowledge and how our language is being formed and manipulated by what is considered knowledge through this technology of the helmsmen. Calling Him God or Father or whatever is not naming Him because what is lacking is knowledge by acquaintance and the terms used to describe Him are analogies or metaphors. Phronesisdeals with the proper sighting of the soulandphronesisis developed through experience and self-knowledge. It is based upon the need to provide sufficient reasons (evidence) for the reality of the beings that are. 35. Our cognition, based as it is on the principle of reason, has great difficulty seeing and understanding this statement. What is the relationship between knowledge and culture? A question has arisen regarding the idea of added value in comment #2. This is usually done through reason as logic, through analogy or metaphor i.e. We may all have private experiences that are unique to us and that we consider knowledge, but unless they are shared with others, we cannot be secure that they are knowledge. In the global society of the future, these experts will be those who are able to put the discoveries of science to use i.e. Experiment in this sense is quite different from experience: science becomes rational-mathematical, i.e. This is the process that you are attempting in your Exhibition, and your report to the IB on your Exhibition will demonstrate this. 13. -There were cruel beliefs linked with this system. 20. Can New Knowledge Change Establish Values or Beliefs | PDF Technology itself is a disclosive looking and is not to be understood as manufacturing. According to Kant, our cognition renders sufficient reasons for the being of objects when it brings forward and securely establishes the objectness of objects and thereby brings itself to objectness, that is, to the being of experienceable beings. The principle of reason states: nothing is without (a) cause or nothing is without a reason or nothing is without reason. 22. Theory of knowledge (TOK) at BBIS | World Schools In asking the question why do we seek knowledge, we are asking what is the reason that our being is grounded in the principle of reason. This is a particularly troublesome prompt because it requires an exploration of the terms impose and ethical obligations. 8. TOK.docx - Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs Modern machine technology looks to science, to scientific, empirical, practical, reliable, proven facts and is not guided by murky theory. 16. This research has different methodologies in the different areas of knowledge, and these methods of disinterring the truth are all pre-determined by the view of the past as an object of study. are the questions that can be explored in the Exhibition. This helps us to understand what Socrates meant when he said that the opposite of knowledge is not ignorance, but madness, such a madness as one sees in Macbeth at the end of that play. Your rationale for establishing the relations between the objects/images will be based on the principle of sufficient reason and will demonstrate and answer the questions what, why, and how. Listen closely to your conversations among yourselves. the Greek wordmathematical. Why is an alternative approach necessary? Representational thinking, the thinking in images and ideas, the representedness, belongs to the objectness of objects. as an object. This system is called the technological in other areas of this writing. 21 ToK Exhibition Objects Ideas to Consider - writersperhour.com Here are some links that might be useful in discussing the key concepts of your Exhibition regarding this topic: CT 1: Knowledge and Reason as Empowering and Empowerment. One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place, and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs tok The Mayan calendar consists of multiple cycles of different lengths. Not having a complete personal knowledge of how the computer or hand phone functions is not really necessary unless they do not work and we must consult the experts to find out what has gone wrong. Our word monster finds its root inmonere or warning. The counting on and relying on are the metaphysics that undergird what is the essence of technology as it is defined in these writings. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. As you know, you need to choose one of the 35 IA prompts to base your exhibition on. Since discussions about art begin with questions of what the works are as objects, they are interpretations of the what, the how and why of the work that is present before us. A sufficient reason is the identification of a subject or theme with its predicates; it is the identification of the causes for some things being what and how it is. CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment; CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower. Those who are affectively motivated to form beliefs independent of conceptual coherence will have little motivation to revise those beliefs in light of new ideas that could increase coherence. Although these methods are different from the ones in other areas of knowledge, they are still valuable methods of inquiry. The principle to render sufficient reasons becomes the unconditional demand to render mathematically technically computable grounds for all that is: total rationalization. Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. it is after hours, the owner is away on holidays, the owner is observing a religious festival, etc. Infatuation is a common example, not simply for another human being but for the outward appearances of things. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part V: The World as Life and Becoming: Darwin and Nietzsche: Part VI: What is Practical Need? These conditions and contexts determine the actions that we will take regarding decisions which we have to make within the everyday experiences of our lives. TOK Exhibition by Hennd Benabderrazak - Prezi In order to know the audience so that ones knowledge can be communicated, the speaker of such knowledge must understand the human beings who are the hearers. When we consider our world and the beings in it as objects we, too, experience the disappearance of otherness for it is our cognition which makes or creates those things that we consider beings in our world and the things themselves lack any kind of independent status. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? - WordPress.com Such a precedence was not present in the early Greek understanding of truth and, subsequently, what we understand as knowledge is not how the Greeks understood knowledge. There are many examples from the medical professions. Reasons must be rendered or handed over for the things which first give themselves to us. the book is on the table, etc. For example, the statement: Mathematical knowledge is certain is a second-order knowledge claim because it is about mathematical knowledge, and the tools that are suggested by this prompt will usually be related to the knowledge that is produced mathematically. We believe that a truth is only a truth if a reason can be rendered for it. 15. The doing of unethical or unlawful actions will become de riguer as they take their place within the worlds corporations. Is bias inevitable in the production of knowledge? What we call our knowledge requires that what we consider the knowledge to be must be rendered or handed over to others so that it may be justified and made secure. To count on means that the knowledge produced can be relied upon with certainty to be that which is said about it. An explanation is a rendering or handing over of an account of things. This prompt is one that many students will opt for as it will not be too difficult to define the types of knowledge and their use through objects or images. While this is not so much an issue for high school students, it will become very much an issue as they proceed in their education. For modern thinking, the manner in which beings are is as objects. OT2: Knowledge and Technology. If we read the prompt in the light of such expressions as being in the picture, putting oneself in the picture, getting the picture which imply a complete mastery of what the picture is a picture of we see that world-picture essentially means not a picture of the world, but the world conceived as picture from within a framing. Thoughtful connections can be made here. For the interpretation of a result as a result is conducted with the help of the principle (the principle of reason, for instance), presupposed, but not grounded. Are some types of knowledge more useful than others? The Natural Sciences: Historical Background; View all posts by theoryofknowledgeanalternativeapproach. The material tools, the instruments, come after technology establishes its dominion in the realm of beings. What some thing is determined to be in its representation is determined as what it is. The principle of reason operates in any and every statement that we make about things i.e. Correctness is being directed toward something, making statements that are fitted or suitable for the things that are spoken about. We can think of experience as an isolated, temporary experience or an inner, psychical event, intrinsically detached both from the body and from the external world. Only the completeness of the account, perfection, provides the evidence for the fact that every cognition everywhere and at all times can include and count on the objects and reckon with them.